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The evolution of Eduardo
Arola's Una noche de garufa
has been described several times in the literature of tango.
Francisco Canaro reported in his autobiography that in 1909, as he
was performing with his group at a café, a young lad carrying a
bandoneon entered with a group of friends. Canaro was told that the
young man, Eduardo Arolas, had composed a tango and he asked to hear
it. Arolas readily complied with the request and played Una
noche de garufa, his first
composition. At the time, Arolas did not know how to read and write
music, and so Canaro and others offered to write it down for him.
After
hearing Una noche de garufa,
Canaro included it in his repertory. It became a successful tango.
In 1911, a piano score was published and two years later, Arolas
recorded Una noche de garufa
with his own group. Thus appearing at the height of the tango fever
that erupted in Europe and the Americas before World War I, the piece
also became known and recorded outside of Argentina.
For
a critical assessment of Arolas' work as a composer, Una
noche de garufa provides an
interesting point of departure—not only by being his first known
composition, but also because it was conceived before Arolas
dedicated himself seriously to the study of music. The piece shows
how a young, aspiring musician composed a tango without actually
knowing how such a piece was supposed to be made up. It is an example
of composition “by ear”.
1.
The Formal Structure of an Instrumental Tango
At
the time when Arolas composed Una noche de garufa,
most tangos were written as instrumental pieces, and most of them
consisted of three sections (hereafter indicated as A, B, and C,
respectively). The last of these sections (C) was usually entitled a
“trio” in the scores. Each section was normally 16 measures long
and structured into two musical phrases, antecedent and consequent,
of eight measures.
The
trio, section C, merits further mention. It was commonly set in such
a way that it provided a conspicuous contrast to the other sections.
The difference could manifest itself melodically, rhythmically, or
harmonically. Furthermore, the trio commonly served as a sort of
midpoint after which one or both of the previous sections were
repeated again. A performance sequence of AABBACCA or AABBACCAB would
have been typical. The exact sequence could vary; there existed no
iron-clad rule that a repetition scheme had to be executed in a given
order. The order of play was ultimately left to the performers. But
by convention, a return of section A and/or B after C, the trio, was
common and expected.
1.a
The Tonal Structure of an Instrumental Tango
Parallel
to the formal structure ran the tonal organization. Usually, at least
one of the sections was set in a key different to the main one of the
piece. If the main key was in major, then the contrasting key was
conceivably the dominant and/or subdominant. If the main key was
minor, the contrasting key could be the parallel or relative major
one.
Corresponding
to the repetition scheme, there existed no firm rule how the tonal
contrast was realized, but certain conventions predominated.
Repetition scheme and tonal organization corresponded also on another
level: the last section played usually concluded in the main key of
the piece. That is to say, if section A was in the main key, then the
repetition scheme could have been ABACA, for example. Likewise, if
section B was in the main key, the repetition scheme might have been
ABCAB. Again, there existed no fixed rule on how this was executed,
but certain conventions prevailed.
2.
Arola's Una noche de garufa
2.a
The Formal Structure
As
a musical form, tangos are simple structures, usually consisting of
two or three sections of 16 measures length. Una noche de garufa
does not follow this pattern. Each section consists of a different
number of measures:
A:
8 measures
B:
18 measures
C:
16 measures
Only
section C appears to correspond to the conventional formal structure.
Section B, being 2 measures longer, deviates from the common pattern
only to a small degree. In fact, we shall see below that the two
extra measures are a consequence of the particular tonal development
in this section.
With
only 8 measures, section A is, however, strikingly different. We
mentioned above that 16-measure sections were customarily divided
into two phrases, antecedent and consequent, of 8 measures each.
Hence, it appears that section A is truncated and lacks the
consequent phrase. This does not necessarily mean that the section is
flawed, but it is certainly odd and affects the formal symmetry of
the piece.
2.b The Tonal Structure
Una
noche de garufa carries the key signature of B-flat major.
Section A begins in B-flat major, on the tonic (indicated as I in the
following examples), and ends with a cadence on the dominant, an
F-major chord (indicated as V in the examples).
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Una noche de garufa, Section A |
We
have noted above that section A appeared to be “incomplete”,
inasmuch as it consists only of an eight-measure antecedent phrase
and is lacking the consequent phrase. This notion is corroborated by
its harmonic development. The phrase ends on the dominant (V), which
in music theory is called a “half cadence”. It is not uncommon
for antecedent phrases to end with a half cadence, but one would
expect a consequent phrase leading back to the tonic. This is,
however, not the case and thus section A leaves an impression of
incompleteness.
Una noche de garufa, Section A, Sexteto Carlos Di Sarli
The
conventional two-part division into antecedent and consequent phrases
of 8 measures is clearly discernible in section B. There is an
anomaly, however: between antecedent and consequent phrases (measures
1-8 and 11-18 in the following example, respectively), two extra
measures have been interpolated (measures 9-10).
The
harmonic structure of the section is quite simple. The antecedent
phrase consists of a series of alternating F and B-flat major chords
whereas the consequent phrase shows a series of D major and G minor
chords. The two interpolated measures anticipate the harmonic
progression of the consequent phrase.
Both
the antecedent and consequent phrases consist of a series of two
alternating chords that are a fifth apart. Hence, they can be
interpreted as a series of dominant-tonic progressions (indicated as
V and I in the following example) . The
chords of the antecedent phrase (F major and Bb major) are, in fact,
the dominant and tonic of the main key of the piece, B-flat major.
Due to this dominant-tonic progression, the resolution to the
(incomplete) half-cadence ending of section A occurs here in the
antecedent phrase of section B.
The
dominant-tonic progressions in the consequent phrase of section B
involve the chords D major and G minor. The phrase actually ends with
a g-minor chord and does not return to B-flat major. This suggests
that the consequent phrase is not in B-flat major as the antecedent
phrase, but in G minor.
Here
the two measures interpolated between the antecedent and consequent
phrase (measure 9 and 10 in the example below) come into play. We
have noted that they anticipate the harmonies that unfold in the
consequent phrase. It is in these two measures that a switch from
B-flat major to G minor takes place. In music theory, this is called
a modulation, that is, a gradual progression from one key to another.
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Una noche de garufa, Section B, Sexteto Carlos Di Sarli |
Una noche de garufa, Section B, Sexteto Carlos Di Sarli
There
is a correspondence between sections A and B: both begin in B-flat
major, yet do not end on the tonic of that key but on a related
sonority. Section A concludes with a half cadence on the dominant,
and section B modulates to G minor, the relative minor key. Hence,
both sections are tonally not “closed” but imply continuation.
Section
C, by contrast to the preceding sections, is an example of
regularity. It consists of 16 measures, divided into antecedent and
consequent phrases of 8 measures. Both phrases begin and end with
B-flat major sonorities and never venture into tonal areas other than
the tonic. Section C begins and ends in B-flat major and is thus
tonally “closed”.
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Una noche de garufa, Section C |
Una noche de garufa, Section C, Sexteto Carlos Di Sarli
3. The Repetitions
It
was pointed out above that three-part forms like Una noche de
garufa were rarely performed from the first to the last section
in the order they were printed in a score. There was always some kind
of repetition involved, but no fixed rule on how the repetitions had
to be executed. Una noche de garufa is a tango that has been
recorded many times, and a look at a selection of these recordings
illustrates the point.
The
list is by no means complete and the selection of orchestras is
arbitrary. Included are 9 recordings made over a period of 40 years.
The earliest one may be Arolas' own recording of 1913; the last one
was recorded 1953 by Francisco Canaro and his Quinteto Pirincho.
To
the right of the orchestras' names, the sequence in which the
sections are played and repeated is indicated. Eduardo Arolas, for
example, performed section A to C in order and then returned to A.
Each section was played twice, thus resulting in a sequence of AA BB
CC AA for the complete recording.
Common
to all recordings is that they first play one cycle of sections A
through C in order. Within this first cycle, A is always repeated but
sections B and C are not repeated by all groups. Among the nine
recordings, three different patterns of repetition exist—AABC being
the most common one.
After
the first cycle, all but one recording continue to repeat one or more
sections. The second cycle shows more variety in the repetition
schemes. Among the nine recordings, six different patterns can be
identified—the recording of the Rondalla del Gaucho Relámpago
being the simplest with no repetition at all, and Canaro being the
most complex by repeating section A in a third cycle.
Two
conclusions can be drawn from the above table. It is striking that
only two out of nine versions (Adolfo Pérez' and Ricardo Tanturi's)
use the same repetition scheme. While an adherence to certain
conventions is discernible in all versions, the orchestras appear to
have set value in recording their own versions. All versions begin
with section A. However, all three sections were considered suitable
as an ending. (Since the selection of recordings was made randomly,
it should not be inferred that the distribution of endings presented
in the table is statistically correct.)
4. The Endings
If
one asks musicians how the tonality of a composition is determined,
one will likely be told to look at the chord on which the piece ends.
This presents a quandary with the piece under discussion since all
sections were used as a conclusion. Yet, each section ends on a
different chord: F major in section A, G minor in section B, and
B-flat major in section C.
We
have noted that section A ends with a half cadence, thus, on the
dominant of E-flat major. If the recordings ending with section A are
considered to be in Eb-flat major, then their ending is “unfinished”.
The dominant, the final sonority, is never resolved. Interestingly,
this is the ending chosen by Arolas.
Given
the extent of Arolas' musical training when he composed the piece, it
is unlikely that he consciously chose to end section A with a half
cadence in order to write a tango with an “open”, unresolved
conclusion. It probably just sounded interesting to him to have the
resolution to the tonic follow in section B. A repetition of section
A at the end was, however, expected and added during performance in
order to comply with the convention.
Una noche de garufa, Orquesta Eduardo Arolas
From
its early beginnings, the music recording industry was an
international business. As a consequence, music from all parts of the
world was recorded and distributed even in the remotest corners of
the world. If a recording company did not have production facilities
in a given country, either an engineer would be sent out to make
recording on site, or the music would be recorded in their facilities
at home. It is, therefore, not surprising to find a military band
from New York and a “gypsy-orchestra” from Paris among the groups
that recorded Una noche de garufa.
For
both these orchestras, tango was a novelty. It is highly unlikely
that they were familiar with the performance practice of tango in
Buenos Aires. (They surely had not heard Arolas perform, whereas
Pacho Maglio or Canaro certainly did.) As a consequence, they had to
make sense of the printed score without an extensive experience in
playing or listening to tangos.
It
is interesting to see, then, that both orchestras opted for a tonally
closed interpretation by playing two cycles of the three sections and
concluding with section C, the trio. To close a piece with the trio
is unconventional inasmuch as this section typically presents a
contrast to the other sections. It denotes a point of departure
rather than one of completion, as one would expect from a conclusion.
In this case, however, it provides tonal closure in B-flat major: the
piece ends in the key in which it started out.
Una noche de garufa, Military Band, New York
The
version of Una noche de garufa best known by tango dancers
today, the recording by Ricardo Tanturi, pursues the third possible
conclusion and ends the piece with section B. This has certain
advantages over the other two choices: the piece does not conclude
“incompletely” with a half cadence, and it does not end with the
contrasting section. Bringing the piece to a close with section B
provides an ending with a full cadence and highlights the contrasting
nature of section C by surrounding it with sections A and B (AB C
AB). This version, then, is symmetric and formally closed. It is not
closed tonally since it ends in G minor, but it ends at least in a
key related to E-flat major and terminates with a full cadence.
Una noche de garufa, Orquesta Típica Ricardo Tanturi
Our
discussion of the different versions suggests that each one
represents a possible solution to aspects that from a
music-theoretical perspective are problematic. None provides an
answer to all the questions that were raised by our analysis. This
incongruity, we submit, is due to Arolas' lack of experience as a
composer . Later works by Arolas—Cardos, for example—present a very different picture. These pieces are carefully
planned. The sections are proportional and harmonies are meticulously
balanced and used with great effectiveness. But between these two
extremes in Arolas' work lie years of study and experience.
Tango
musicians, whether they were composers or performers, have left no
records on why they decided to compose or play a piece one way or
another. Shop talk was not something to be related to the public. We
do not know why Pacho Maglio ended Una noche de garufa with
section A and Di Sarli continued to section B. We can only
hypothesize.
We
also do not know if Arolas would have composed his tango differently
after his musical studies. However, we do have evidence that he
became aware of musical conventions and possible criticism for
irregularities. His “tango characterístico” Anatomía
(written before 1917) contains a footnote regarding an anomaly in the
first section of the piece, which is one measure shorter than the
conventional length:
NOTE = I ask the teachers who perform this tango to excuse the 15
measures in the first part, but it is done deliberately.
Arolas'
note is remarkable in various respects. It addresses an issue we have
noted in Una noche de garufa as well, namely, an asymmetry in
the phrase structure. However, it is, to our knowledge, a unique
occurrence that a tango composer adds a justification for an
irregularity to a score. Pointing out that it was introduced
intentionally prevents, of course, being accused of having made a
mistake. We may also assume from which party the composer expected
criticism to arise. It is not fellow musicians like Canaro or Maglio
he is addressing, but the “teachers”. Arolas had learned his
lessons.
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Eduardo Arolas (≈ 1910) |
© 2018 Wolfgang Freis